CHAP. 53. (52.)—THE ETRURIAN[1] AND THE ROMAN
OBSERVATIONS ON THESE POINTS.
The Tuscan books inform us, that there are nine Gods
who discharge thunder-storms, that there are eleven different kinds
of them, and that three of them are darted out by
Jupiter. Of these the Romans retained only two, ascribing
the diurnal kind to Jupiter, and the nocturnal to Summanus[2]; this
latter kind being more rare, in consequence of
the heavens being colder, as was mentioned above. The
Etrurians also suppose, that those which are named Infernal
burst out of the ground; they are produced in the winter
and are particularly fierce and direful, as all things are which
proceed from the earth, and are not generated by or proceeding from
the stars, but from a cause which is near at hand,
and of a more disorderly nature. As a proof of this it is
said, that all those which proceed from the higher regions
strike obliquely, while those which are termed terrestrial
strike in a direct line. And because these fall from matter
which is nearer to us, they are supposed to proceed from the
earth, since they leave no traces of a rebound; this being
the effect of a stroke coming not from below, but from an
opposite quarter. Those who have searched into the subject
more minutely suppose, that these come from the planet
Saturn, as those that are of a burning nature do from Mars.
In this way it was that Volsinium, the most opulent town of
the Tuscans, was entirely consumed by lightning[3]. The
first of these strokes that a man receives, after he has come
into possession of any property, is termed Familiar[4], and is
supposed to prognosticate the events of the whole of his life.
But it is not generally supposed that they predict events of
a private nature for a longer space than ten years, unless
they happen at the time of a first marriage or a birth-day;
nor that public predictions extend beyond thirty years[5], unless with
respect to the founding of colonies[6].
1. Seneca gives us an account of the opinions of the Tuscans; Nat.
Quæst. ii. 32; and Cicero refers to the "libri fulgurales" of the Etrurians;
De Divin. i. 72.
2. According to Hardouin, "Summanus est Deus summus Manium,
idem Orcus et Pluto dictus." Lemaire, i. 349; he is again referred to
by our author, xxix. 14; Ovid also mentions him, Fast. vi. 731, with the
remark, "quisquis is est."
3. The city of Bolsena is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient
Volsinium. From the nature of the district in which it is situate, it is
perhaps more probable, that the event alluded to in the text was produced
by a volcanic eruption, attended by lightning, than by a simple thunderstorm.
4. "Vocant et familiaria.....quæ prima fiunt familiam suam cuique
indepto." This remark is explained by the following passage from Seneca;
Nat. Quæst. ii. 47. "Hæc sunt fulmina, quæ primo accepto patrimonio,
in novo hominis aut urbis statu fiunt." This opinion, as well as most of
those of our author, respecting the auguries to be formed from thunder,
is combated by Seneca; ubi supra, § 48.
5. This opinion is also referred to by Seneca. in the following passage;
"privata autem fulmina negant ultra decimum annum, publica ultra
trigesimum posse deferri;" ubi supra.
6. "in deductione oppidorum;" according to Hardouin, Lemaire, i. 350,
"quum in oppida coloniee deducuntur."